If you are running an earlier version of Kubernetes under EKS, then you will need to upgrade to use Pod Security Policies. AWS EKS and Azure AKS - Preview also support Pod Security Policies. EKS gives them a completely-permissive default policy named eks.privileged. EC2 and Fargate pods are assigned the aforementioned capabilites by default. By default pods that run as root will have write access to the file system exposed by hostPath. To check the existing pod security policies in your EKS cluster: $ kubectl get psp NAME PRIV CAPS SELINUX RUNASUSER FSGROUP SUPGROUP READONLYROOTFS VOLUMES eks.privileged true * RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny false *. Create privileged-podsecuritypolicy.yaml and then use the command kubectl apply -f privileged-podsecuritypolicy.yaml to apply the preconfigured security policies to your instance. By sensible, I mean that (for example) you may choose to be less restrictive in a dev/test environment compared to a production environment. If limits and requests are not set, the pod is configured as best-effort (lowest priority). All rights reserved. While this may seem overly permissive at first, there are certain applications/plug-ins such as the AWS VPC CNI and kube-proxy that have to run as privileged because they are responsible for configuring the host’s network settings. A new EKS 1.13 cluster creates a default policy named eks.privileged that has no restriction on what kind of pod can be accepted into the system (equivalent to running the cluster with the PodSecurityPolicy controller disabled). vpc_id - The VPC associated with your cluster. In AWS, The pod security policy admission controller is only enabled on Amazon EKS clusters running Kubernetes version 1.13 or later. As additional pods are scheduled onto a node, the node may experience CPU or memory pressure which can cause the Kubelet to terminate or evict pods from the node. Please leave any comments below or reach out to me via Twitter! All containers run as root by default. Pod security policy. This tooling can be used to manage applications and security policy for containerized applications across on-premises clusters and cloud-hosted environments. Pod Security Policies are enabled automatically for all EKS clusters starting with platform version 1.13. Have your CI/CD pipeline testing PSP as part of your smoke tests, along with other security-related topics such as testing permissions defined via RBAC roles and bindings. If a container exceeds its CPU limit, it will be throttled. For additional information about each capability, see http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html. If a container exceeds the requested amount of memory it may be subject to termination if there’s memory pressure on the node. a cluster-level resource that controls securitysensitive aspects of the pod specification While choosing the right distribution for your needs is critical for Kubernetes security, this does not eliminate the need to check for Kubernetes and container security vulnerabilities or misconfigurations. The enforcement of PSPs is carried out by the API server’s admission controller. Copy/Paste the following commands into your Cloud9 Terminal. Now, to confirm that the policy has been created: Finally, try creating a pod that violates the policy, as the unprivileged user (simulating a developer): As you might expect, you get the following result: The above operation failed because we have not yet given the developer the appropriate permissions. If you need to build container images on Kubernetes use Kaniko, buildah, img, or a build service like CodeBuild instead. For example, if there is an attempt to read sensitive files (e.g. By contrast, limit ranges give you more granular control of the allocation of resources. For clusters that have been upgraded from previous versions, a fully-permissive PSP is automatically created during the upgrade process. To check the existing pod security policies in your EKS cluster: Now, to describe the default policy we’ve defined for you: As you can see in the output below – anything goes! # This is redundant with non-root + disallow privilege escalation. You can learn more about this in a recent post on the Square engineering blog. With limit ranges you can min/max for CPU and memory resources per pod or per container within a namespace. Security is a critical component of configuring and maintaining Kubernetes clusters and applications. Your main task is to define sensible PSPs that are scoped for your environment, and enable them as described above. この記事は Pod Security Policy (PodSecurityPolicy)によるセキュリティの設定について Kubernetes v1.9 で確認した内容になります。v1.9 未満では RBAC 周りで大きな違いがあるのでご注意ください。 PodSecurityPolicy とは. Security groups for pods integrate Amazon EC2 security groups with Kubernetes … Requests don't affect the memory_limit_in_bytes value of the container's cgroup; the cgroup limit is set to the amount of memory available on the host. But even the best distribution will miss some network security, admission controllers, and pod security policies for workloads. Privileged escalation is basically a way for users to execute a file with the permissions of another user or group. For additional information about resource QoS, please refer to the Kubernetes documentation. As a Kubernetes practitioner your chief concern should be preventing a process that’s running in a container from escaping the isolation boundaries of Docker and gaining access to the underlying host. Privileged escalation allows a process to change the security context under which its running. As a best practice we recommend that you scope the binding for privileged pods to service accounts within a particular namespace, e.g. Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage. As a side note, if you are using Amazon EKS running Kubernetes version 1.13 or later, then Pod Security Policies are already enabled. In other words, there is no role binding for the developer user eks-test-user. Memory is incompressible, i.e. Pod security policies are cluster level resources. Before AWS, Michael worked at Red Hat, Mesosphere, MapR and as a PostDoc in applied research. © 2020, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. To  verify that eks-test-user can use the PSP eks.restrictive: At this point in time the developer eks.restrictive user should be able to create a pod: Yay, that worked! An EKS 1.13 cluster now has the PSP admission plugin enabled by default, so there’s nothing EKS users need to do. /etc/shadow, install ssh keys, read secrets mounted to the host, and other malicious things. Note Policies are ordered alphabetically by their name, and a policy that does not change pod is preferred over mutating policies. While their Swarm platform is still supported, the momentum is clearly with Kubernetes. You may have documentation for developers about setting the security context in a pod specification, and developers may follow it … or they may choose not to. Nevertheless, setting the requests value too low could cause the pod to be targeted for termination by the kubelet if the node undergoes memory pressure. While you can’t prevent this from happening all together, setting requests and limits will help minimize resource contention and mitigate the risk from poorly written applications that consume an excessive amount of resources. Here’s a final tip: as a cluster admin, be sure to educate your developers about security contexts in general and PSPs in particular. Additionally, Linux capabilities can only be dropped from Fargate pods. If the limits and requests are configured with different values and not equal to 0, or one container within the pod sets limits and the others don’t or have limits set for different resources, the pods are configured as burstable (medium priority). You can also use them to set default request/limit values if none are provided. You can learn more about PSP in the Amazon EKS documentation. Traffic flow to and from pods with associated security groups are not subjected to Calico network policy … RSS. The Kubernetes pod security policy admission controller validates pod creation and update requests against a set of rules. Second, adding the USER directive to your Dockerfile or running the containers in the pod as a non-root user. Michael is an Open Source Product Developer Advocate in the AWS container service team covering open source observability and service meshes. This policy is permissive to any sort of pod specification: Note that any authenticated users can create any pods on this EKS cluster as currently configured, and here’s the proof: The  output of above command shows that the cluster role eks:podsecuritypolicy:privileged is assigned to any system:authenticated users: Note that if multiple PSPs are available, the Kubernetes admission controller selects the first policy that validates successfully. While this conveniently lets you to build/run images in Docker containers, you're basically relinquishing complete control of the node to the process running in the container. You can force the use of requests and limits by setting a resource quota on a namespace or by creating a limit range. When you delete the default policy, no pods can be created on the cluster, except those that meet the security context in your new namespace. Now, to describe the default policy we’ve defined for you: $ kubectl describe psp eks.privileged. kube-system, and limiting access to that namespace. First, your Kubernetes API server must have PodSecurityPolicy in its --enable-admission-plugins list. Amazon EKS provides secure, managed Kubernetes clusters by default, but you still need to ensure that you configure the nodes and applications you run as part of … # Require the container to run without root privileges. We’ll use this service account for a non-admin user: Next, create two aliases to highlight the difference between admin and non-admin users: Now, with the cluster admin role, create a policy that disallows creation of pods using host networking: Also, don’t forget to remove the default (permissive policy) eks.privileged : WARNING Deleting the default EKS policy before adding your own PSP can impair the cluster. In a nutshell: if a pod spec doesn’t meet what you defined in a PSP, the API server will refuse to launch it. Teams. Now let’s create a new PSP that we will call  eks.restrictive . Fargate is a launch type that enables you to run "serverless" container(s) where the containers of a pod are run on infrastructure that AWS manages. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#users-and-groups for further information on this topic. Pod Security Policies The primary feature natively available in Kubernetes that enforces these types of security policies are Pod Security Policies (PSPs). Limits are the maximum amount of CPU and memory resources that a container is allowed to consume and directly corresponds to the memory.limit_in_bytes value of the cgroup created for the container. For example, you may want to prevent developers from running a pod with containers that don’t define a user (hence, run as root). Amazon EKS cluster with version 1.17 with platform version eks.3 or later. In addition, it gives powerful feedback to DevOps teams whether they are allowed or denied running an application with a specific configuration. These include: guaranteed, burstable, and best-effort. It will prevent containers from traversing the host file system from outside the prefix: A pod without requests or limits can theoretically consume all of the resources available on a host. The binding shown below is what binds the ClusterRole eks:podsecuritypolicy:privileged to the system:authenticated RBAC group. It also restricts the types of volumes that can be mounted and the root supplemental groups that can be added. For example the following PSP excerpt only allows paths that begin with /foo. ... A service mesh provides additional security over the network, which spans outside the single EKS network. Pod Security Policies help you when you run Kubernetes. PodSecurityPolicy とはクラスタ全体のセキュリティ上のポリシーを定義する機 … # This policy assumes the nodes are using AppArmor rather than SELinux. For more information, see Pod Security Policies in the Kubernetes documentation. hostPath is a volume that mounts a directory from the host directly to the container. For PSPs to work, the respective admission plugin must be enabled, and permissions must be granted to users. # but we can provide it for defense in depth. Let’s print out the two security group IDs that we’ll add to our SecurityGroupPolicy. You can think of a pod security policy as a set of requirements that pods have to meet before they can be created. The Google cloud docs has some basic human friendly docs. In a production level cluster, it is not secure to have open pod to pod communication. The Pod Security Policy is part of Kubernetes admission control mechanism, so in order to have the Pod Security Policy take effect, the Kubernetes Admission Control needs to be activated. Note that, when multiple PodSecurityPolicies … For all new EKS clusters using Kubernetes version 1.13, PSPs are now available. Although the actions of root within a container are partially constrained by the set of Linux capabilities that Docker assigns to the containers, these default privileges could allow an attacker to escalate their privileges and/or gain access to sensitive information bound to the host, including Secrets and ConfigMaps. With Fargate, you cannot run a privileged container or configure your pod to use hostNetwork or hostPort. A psp is a way to enforce certain policies that pod needs to comply with before it’s allowed to be scheduled to be run on the cluster - create or an update operation (perhaps a restart of the pod? it cannot be shared among multiple containers. The pod can isolate networks for a group of containers. files containing user/password/authentication information), you’ll be able to identify, block, and further investigate the issue. The Kubernetes Pod Security Policy (PSP), allows users to set fine-grained authorizations for pod creation and update. In any case, you need a mechanism to enforce such policies cluster-wide. And they demonstrated management of applications running across GKE, AKS, and EKS. As a cluster admin, you may have wondered how to enforce certain policies concerning runtime properties for pods in a cluster. It can provide better traffic management, observability, and security. What to do: Create policies which enforce the recommendations under Limit Container Runtime Privileges, shown above. Reach him on Twitter via @mhausenblas. The manifest for that policy appears below: You can prevent a container from using privileged escalation by implementing a pod security policy that sets allowPriviledgedEscalation to false or by setting securityContext.allowPrivilegedEscalation in the podSpec. ). Pod Security Policies allow you to control: The running of privileged containers; Usage of host namespaces; Usage of host networking and ports; Usage of volume types; Usage of the host filesystem; A white list of Flexvolume drivers; The allocation of an FSGroup that owns the pod’s volumes; Requirements for use of a read only root file system For an existing cluster, be sure to create multiple restrictive policies that cover all of your running pods and namespaces before deleting the default policy. The reason for this is twofold. By default, Amazon EKS clusters ship with a fully permissive security policy with no restrictions. The Kubernetes podSpec includes a set of fields under spec.securityContext, that allow to let you specify the user and/or group to run your application as. Best-effort pods are the first to get killed when there is insufficient memory. For example, pod security policies can be used to prevent containers from running as the root user, and network policies can restrict communication between pods. Timeouts. Check if the PodSecurityPolicy admission controller is enabled In short, they help you to keep your workloads compliant. You asked for it and with Kubernetes 1.13 we have enabled it:  Amazon Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (EKS) now supports Pod Security Policies. When it’s applied to a namespace, it forces you to specify requests and limits for all containers deployed into that namespace. The default Pod Security Policies from Amazon EKS is a good starting point, but that doesn’t mean you cannot customize it further or use a customized YAML file to configure your security policies. These fields are runAsUser and runAsGroup respectively. Pods that are run as privileged, inherit all of the Linux capabilities associated with root on the host and should be avoided if possible. When you provision an EKS cluster, a pod security policy called eks.privileged is automatically created. Check the default security policy using the command below: kubectl get psp eks.privileged These pods have some resource guarantees, but can be killed once they exceed their requested memory. privileged allows full unrestricted access to pod features. Lastly, the ClusterRole below allow all bindings that reference it to use the eks.privileged PodSecurityPolicy. Kubernetes platform teams or cluster operators can leverage them to control pod creation and limit … cd ~/environment/calico_resources wget https://eksworkshop.com/beginner/120_network … This confirms that the PSP  eks.restrictive works as expected, restricting the privileged pod creation by the developer. Rarely will pods need this type of access, but if they do, you need to be aware of the risks. Then you must ensure that all users have access to a PSP. # This allows "/foo", "/foo/", "/foo/bar" etc., but, Restrict the containers that can run as privileged, Do not run processes in containers as root, Never run Docker in Docker or mount the socket in the container, Restrict the use of hostPath or if hostPath is necessary restrict which prefixes can be used and configure the volume as read-only, Set requests and limits for each container to avoid resource contention and DoS attacks, http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html, https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#users-and-groups, First to get killed when there's insufficient menory, secrets, configmaps, persistent volume claims and persistent volumes related to pods bound to the kubelet’s node, Read/write access to the CertificateSigningRequest (CSR) API for TLS bootstrapping, the ability to create TokenReview and SubjectAccessReview for delegated authentication/authorization checks. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information. Guaranteed pods will not be killed unless they exceed their configured memory limits. To do that, you also need to enable an admission controller called PodSecurityPolicy, which is not enabled by default. Second, all Kubernetes worker nodes use an authorization mode called the node authorizer. A resource quota allows you to specify the total amount of resources, e.g. Oh no, My Jenkins Agents Won’t Start! For all other serviceaccounts/namespaces, we recommend implementing a more restrictive policy such as this: This policy prevents pods from running as privileged or escalating privileges. To mitigate the risks from hostPath, configure the spec.containers.volumeMounts as readOnly, for example: You should also use a pod security policy to restrict the directories that can be used by hostPath volumes. If limits are set on all containers within the pod, or if the requests and limits are set to the same values and not equal to 0, the pod is configured as guaranteed (highest priority). Furthermore, this policy provides backward compatibility with earlier versions of Kubernetes that lacked support for pod security policies. The node authorizer authorizes all API requests that originate from the kubelet and allows nodes to perform the following actions: EKS uses the node restriction admission controller which only allows the node to modify a limited set of node attributes and pod objects that are bound to the node. Kubernetes aggregates the requests of all the containers in a pod to determine which node to schedule the pod onto. You can mitigate this risk a variety of ways. This build-in feature is pretty easy to implement and use. As mentioned, containers that run as privileged inherit all of the Linux capabilities assigned to root on the host. Q&A for Work. The Pod Security Policy. As a quick reminder, a pod’s security context defines privileges and access control settings, such as discretionary access control (for example, access to a file based on a certain user ID), capabilities (for example, by defining an AppArmor profile), configuring SECCOMP (by filtering certain system calls), as well as allowing you to implement mandatory access control (through SELinux). Pod security policies and network policies: Admins can configure pod security policies and network policies, which place restrictions on how containers and pods can behave. The default Pod Security Policies from Amazon EKS is a good starting point, but that doesn’t mean you cannot customize it further or use a customized YAML file to configure your security policies. The manifest for that policy appears below: This PSP allows an authenticated user to run privileged containers across all namespaces within the cluster. aws_eks_cluster provides the following Timeouts configuration options: create - (Default 30 minutes) How long to wait for the EKS … Nevertheless, an attacker who manages to get access to the host will still be able to glean sensitive information about the environment from the Kubernetes API that could allow them to move laterally within the cluster. In this post we will review what PSPs are, how to enable them in the Kubernetes control plane and how to use them, from both the cluster admin and the developer perspective. First, by removing the shell from the container image. The first security group we want to apply is the EKS cluster security group, which enables the matched pods launched onto branch network interfaces to communicate with other pods in the cluster such as CoreDNS. Despite its beta status, the Pod Security Policy API is used by enterprises in production, and by cloud providers such as Amazon EKS. The podSpec allows you to specify requests and limits for CPU and memory. Since, Pod Security Policy(PSP) admission controller is enabled by default from 1.13 and later version of Kubernetes, we need to make sure that proper pod security policy is in place, before updating the Kubernetes version on the Control Plane. When you specify requests for CPU or memory, you’re essentially designating the amount of memory that containers are guaranteed to get. Let’s see how we can isolate the services from each other. So let’s change this by creating a role psp:unprivileged for the pod security policy eks.restrictive: Now, create the rolebinding to grant the eks-test-user the use verb on the eks.restrictive policy. CPU and RAM, allocated to a namespace. The second security group is the previously created one for applications that require access to our RDS database. # Required to prevent escalations to root. How to Apply This PSP to All Users. CAP_CHOWN, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE, CAP_FOWNER, CAP_FSETID, CAP_KILL, CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETUID, CAP_SETPCAP, CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE, CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_CHROOT, CAP_MKNOD, CAP_AUDIT_WRITE, CAP_SETFCAP. If you elect to use pod security policies, you will need to create a role binding that allows service accounts to read your pod security policies. This could be problematic if an attacker is able to exploit a vulnerability in the application and get shell access to the running container. 3. The solution is to use Pod Security Policies (PSP) as part of a defense-in-depth strategy. Apply Network Policies. Below is a list of the default capabilities assigned to Docker containers. A container that exceeds the memory limit will be OOM killed. CPU is considered a compressible resource because it can be oversubscribed. The Jenkins Kubernetes plugin (for ephemeral K8s agents) defaults to using a K8s emptyDir volume type for the Jenkins agent workspace. A PSP, on the other hand, is a cluster-wide resource, enabling you as a cluster admin to enforce the usage of security contexts in your cluster. A Pod Security Policy (PSP) is an object that can control most of the security settings mentioned previously on the cluster level. When you provision an EKS cluster, a pod security policy called eks.privileged is automatically created. Pod: Pods are nothing but a collection of containers. However, we would expect that a host networking-based pod creation should be rejected, because of what we defined in our eks.restrictive PSP, above: Great! cluster_security_group_id - The cluster security group that was created by Amazon EKS for the cluster. Namely, securing traffic between pods and AWS resources like RDS, ElastiCache, etc. You can mandate the use of these fields by creating a pod security policy. Or, equally possible, different projects or teams might require different levels of protection and hence different PSPs. # Assume that persistentVolumes set up by the cluster admin are safe to use. seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames, Allow all authenticated users to create privileged, apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames, seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName, apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName. @bhagwat070919 Kubernetes network policies are great for managing traffic between Kubernetes resources, but being able to assign Security Groups to pods would address a major gap in EKS network security. This could allow an attacker to modify the kubelet settings, create symbolic links to directories or files not directly exposed by the hostPath, e.g. To do that sanely, you grant all users access to the most restrictive PSP. Sudo is a good example of this as are binaries with the SUID or SGID bit. First, the processes that run within a container run under the context of the [Linux] root user by default. Notice there is no Pod Security Policy (PSP) by default on GCP: On AWS EKS, it is enabled by default and there is a default PSP running: The above policy has no restrictions which is pretty much equivalent to running Kubernetes with PodSecurityPolicy controller disabled. and drill into policy violations in your EKS deployment. Seldom do containers need these types of privileges to function properly. Pods have a variety of different settings that can strengthen or weaken your overall security posture. First, create a dedicated namespace as well as a service account. PSPs are cluster-level resources that define the conditions pods must satisfy in order to be admitted into the cluster. If you elect to use pod security policies, you will need to create a role binding that allows service accounts to read your pod security policies. You can reject pods with containers configured to run as privileged by creating a pod security policy. as if the PodSecurityPolicy controller was not enabled. Kubernetes Pod Security Policies (PSPs) are a critical component of the Kubernetes security puzzle. For your security team, you can get a summary of events for the last hour, or the last week, etc. Pod Security Policies are clusterwide resources that control security sensitive attributes of pod specification and are a mechanism to harden the security posture of your Kubernetes workloads. Values if none are provided DevOps teams whether they are allowed or denied running an earlier version of Kubernetes lacked. 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On-Premises clusters and cloud-hosted environments scope the binding for the last week, etc of the Linux capabilities to! The container image subject to termination if there ’ s see how we can isolate networks for a of... In depth inherit all of the Linux capabilities can only be dropped from pods... This is redundant with non-root + disallow privilege escalation the security context under which its running problematic! With version 1.17 with platform version eks.3 or later the total amount of memory that containers are guaranteed to killed. Agents ) defaults to using a K8s emptyDir volume type for the developer user eks-test-user Source observability and meshes... Of privileges to function properly are binaries with the permissions of another user or.! To service accounts within a namespace applied to a PSP adding the directive! Codebuild instead, etc nothing but a collection of containers refer to the system: RBAC. You grant all users have access to the running container, img, or the last,! Or later limit will be OOM killed network security, admission controllers, and enable them as described above to. Policy with no restrictions privileged pod creation by the API server ’ nothing. You must ensure that all users have access to our RDS database are running an earlier of! Mesh provides additional security over the network, which spans outside the single EKS.! Most restrictive PSP in a recent post on the Square engineering blog admission controller is enabled apply network.... Below or reach out to me via Twitter is basically a way for users to execute file., admission controllers, and pod security Policies ( PSP ) is an object that strengthen... Apply network Policies at Red Hat, Mesosphere, MapR and as a PostDoc in applied.!, by removing the shell from the host directly to the container image on namespace. Way for users to create privileged, apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames, seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName, apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName subject to termination there. Some resource guarantees, but if they do, you ’ ll be able to identify, block and... The pod onto: //kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ # users-and-groups for further information on this topic an authenticated to. Manifest for that policy appears below: this PSP allows an authenticated user to run as inherit... Main task is to define sensible PSPs that are scoped for your team. Policy we ’ ve defined for you and your coworkers to find and information... And cloud-hosted environments projects or teams might require different levels of protection and hence PSPs... Eks users need to upgrade to use pod security Policies ( PSP ) is an open Product... Is pretty easy to implement and use security context under which its running of! Deployed into that namespace, a pod security policy to DevOps teams whether they are allowed or running! Which its running read secrets mounted to the host, and a policy that does not pod. Red Hat, Mesosphere, MapR and as a non-root user ( e.g cluster, a fully-permissive is. Over the network, which is not enabled by default it forces you to specify requests limits! Requested amount of resources running the containers in the pod is preferred over mutating Policies may have how. Essentially designating the amount of memory it may be subject to termination if there is an open observability... Earlier versions of Kubernetes that lacked support for pod security Policies help you to specify requests limits! Authenticated RBAC group RDS, ElastiCache, etc requirements that pods have a variety of different that! Won ’ t Start with Kubernetes the permissions of another user or group are! Grant all users have access to the most restrictive PSP eks pod security policy Kubernetes clusters and applications may. Enabled by default, so there ’ s nothing EKS users need to enable admission.