Click on the Pop-out button on the upper right corner of the pdf file to have full view or click Here to download. for absorption and photosynthesis oVery little cuticle formation  The susceptible (weak) bacteria are killed first oLack of xylem tubes, no stomata underside of leaves  Only resistant (strong) bacteria are left oStomata is in the upper surface, has a thick waxy layer 19. when bending the elbow the triceps are o A sensory neurone carries impulse from the receptor the antagonist to the CNS o Connector/relay neurone carries impulse slowly  Sense organ: groups of receptor cells responding to (because it has no myelin sheath) across the spinal specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chord chemicals. RESPIRATION 13.1 Function of Kidney  Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules  Removal of urea and excess water and the re-absorption in living cells to release energy. mother to infant  Memory cells are not produced in passive immunity  Babies get passive immunity by breast feeding. pond or river 7.  External intercostal falls downwards and muscles contract – pulls inwards  In muscles: rib cage upwards and outwards  Diaphragm muscles relax Glucose → lactic acid – returns to dome shape C6H12O6 → 2 C3H6O3  Diaphragm muscles contract – diaphragm  Lung volume decreases –  In yeast (single-cell fungi): moves upwards and pressure increases Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide  Lung volume increases –  Air is forced out C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + CO2 and pressure falls  Disadvantages of anaerobic respiration:  Air rushes in to equalise o Only produces 1/20 of the energy per glucose pressure molecule that aerobic respiration would o Produces poisonous lactic acid  Lactic acid: o Transported in blood to heart, liver and kidneys, which oxidize it o The heart, liver and kidneys need extra oxygen to do this which causes you to continue breathing heavily after exercise. a clear image on retina  Cornea: refracts light 14.9 Rods and Cones CONES  Iris: controls how much light enters pupil  Lens: focuses light onto retina RODS  Provide detailed,  Retina: contains light receptors, some sensitive to light coloured images; they  Provide low detail, black work in high light of different colours & white images, good for intensity. o This keeps the Endometrium thick for pregnancy  Placenta: organ for exchange of soluble materials such as foods, wastes and oxygen between mother and 16.9 Hormones in Menstrual Cycle foetus; physical attachment between uterus and foetus. 10. t or g) molecules o the specific order of amino acids is determined by the  Pedigree diagrams: sequence of bases in the mRNA  All body cells in an organism contain the same genes, but many genes in a particular cell are not expressed because the cell only makes the specific proteins it needs PAGE 27 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Genetic diagrams:  Discontinuous variation is caused by genes alone and 1:1 Monohybrid Crosses results in a limited number of distinct phenotypes (e.g. They use sugar for respiration and ammonium salts to make protein and  The dough is kept in a warm, moist environment (28°c). Registration pending. Free CAIE IGCSE Biology (0610) Theory Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms summarized revision notes written for students, by students. o The pump passes the blood passes the dialysis tubing  Renal artery: brings wastes and water from blood which is semi-permeable therefore acting as a filter  Renal vein: reabsorbs water and useful molecules and o The surrounding liquid contains some salts, glucose leaves wastes behind but no urea so waste materials pass from blood by diffusion; 13.2 Structure of the Kidney o The ‘cleaned' blood returns to patient's circulation/body DIALYSIS TRANSPLANT  More expensive in the  Less expensive in the long run long run  Very disruptive (three 6-  Not very disruptive (only 8 hrs sessions per week) have to take  Do not need to find medication) kidney  Need a kidney  Need a machine & must  Can go anywhere, live near one anytime  Risk of rejection 14. Biology Notes (all in one) Here is a pdf file with all Biology Notes for you to download. heroin act upon synapses to a stimulus, in order to protect the body from danger 14.5 Antagonistic Muscle  E.g. o Iron → haemoglobin o Calcium → growth of bones and teeth 16.10 Sexual Intercourse  Guidance on motherhood  Penis fills with blood and becomes erect  Checks on foetus and mother including: weight check,  Vagina walls secrete a lubricant. Biology … diffuse into cells surface area 9.4 ECG Trace  Capillary beds constantly  The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored supplied with fresh by the electrocardiogram, pulse rate and listening to the sounds of the valves closing blood, so diffusion occurs  Physical activity makes the heart beat more quickly  Useful substances move out of plasma of capillaries into and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the tissue fluid (fluid in between cells in tissues) muscle  Cells need oxygen and nutrients, and produce waste products such as CO2 & useful products such as hormone  Capillaries are constantly supplied with new blood, otherwise diffusion could not occur  Lungs → heart  Heart → Lungs 9.5 Coronary Heart Disease = Pulmonary vein = Pulmonary artery  Liver → heart  Heart → Liver  Coronary artery becomes blocked, interrupting the supply of blood to the heart muscle. Also carries out interconversion of amino acids nerve endings which (transamination), deamination and removal of old red detect pain. mobile – (300,000,000) o It implants itself in the wall of the nucleus (implantation) which is followed by conception use its tail EGG Larger Immobile – Fewer and moved by limited peristalsis PAGE 25 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 ADVANTAGES BREAST FEEDING BOTTLED MILK o Diaphragm: used by woman, prevent sperm entering uterus, reliable, must stay in place 6 hours after sex,  Has antibodies – no  Less painful needs a correct size bacteria  Other people can feed o Femidom: closed end, has a ring which gets pushed through cervix and open end’s ring lies against the  Nutrients- correct baby labia proportion  May contain o IUD: plastic-coated copper coil, can be left inside for months or even years, has a string which is used to  Correct temp. Below we cover  Fossil fuels: need to be conserved as they will soon run proven yet out, they should be therefore replaced with green forms  Increase in carbon dioxide and methane concentrations of energy. of glucose and some salts  Uses of energy in the body of humans: muscle  Urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active  Alcohol, drugs & hormones are broken down in the liver transport, growth, the passage of nerve impulses and the maintenance of a constant body temperature.  Rubbing of the glans (end of penis) against the vagina blood tests, urine tests, blood pressure checks, wall sets of a reflex action, causes sperm to be released ultrasound scanning etc.  Flour, sugar, water and salt are mixed with yeast to make the dough.  Reducing sugars: Add Benedict’s reagent, then mixture 5.2 Effect of pH on Enzymes is heated in water bath for 2 to 3 minutes. and both dominant to IO. around the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from the lungs  Wilting: occurs if water loss is greater than water uptake – cells become flaccid, tissues become limp and plant no longer supported 8.5 Uptake of Water 9.2 The Heart  Caused by water loss in leaves which lowers its water Bicuspid potential  Water moves from xylem to leaf tissues via osmosis  Water moves up the stem in the xylem due to tension (because of cohesion of water molecules to each other) caused by water loss from the leaves  Ends with the gain of water through roots  This upward flow of water is called the transpiration stream 8.6 Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration Septum  Temperature: higher temperatures increase water-  Right atrium: collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to holding capacity of air and increases transpiration rate right ventricle  Humidity: low humidity increases water potential  Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs gradient between leaf and atmosphere  increasing transpiration rate  Light intensity: high light intensity causes stomata to open (to allow more photosynthesis) which causes increase in transpiration PAGE 12 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610  Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from  The heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen & glucose, right ventricle to lungs and poisonous wastes such as lactic acid build up. 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