Those Orokaiva who accepted the geophysical view, rather than a magical/religious one, now could regard themselves as modern people, members of a new elite, holding enlightened opinions that were the same as those of the knowledgeable Europeans. “Apart from the well known DC, Mr Cecil Cowley,” Newman writes, “the other names - I believe there were 34 - … Johnson and Molnar 1972). CSIRO on Mount Lamington. Several conclusions of volcanological and disaster management significance to the Lamington story can be highlighted from the final CSIRO report and maps for the Buna–Kokoda area. The catastrophic explosion of Mount Lamington volcano, Papua New Guinea on January 21, 1951 produced a devastating pyroclastic density current (PDC) that knocked down dense tropical rainforest over an area of 230 km 2 and killed approximately 3000 people. A notable difference however is that although some layering similar to the classic A, B, C stratigraphy is present in the proximal deposits of Lamington, the layers are not so clearly distinguished by grain size characteristics and lack the sharp contacts that are common in classic blast deposits. They had built a recovery village at Irihambo, but were ordered to leave it some years later because it was found to be situated on Crown land intended for the settlement of Australian ex-servicemen. No unusual evidence was found, however, that Lamington was about to produce another eruption of the type seen on 21 January 1951. Arek won convincingly—and was re-elected in 1972. The Buna–Kokoda study was the first of 15 land resource surveys conducted by CSIRO in the Territory up to 1973. This grass-covered pyroclastic cone is at Kururi in the western part of the Managalase Plateau (rephotographed from Ruxton et al. ([1964a] 2010a), showing them in different colours and shades (compare with Figure 9.1). Astrophysical Observatory. Two other examples are the Napidakoe Navitu political group, which represented the future interests of people on Bougainville Island, and the Papua Basena party, which was led by Josephine Abaijah, a charismatic activist who campaigned for Papuan separatism. The aim was to explore potential areas of research that might be of interest to RSPAS. It lies roughly across that peninsula from the capital city of Port Moresby and 40 km inland from the Solomon Sea. According to the brief news, locals from the community of Popendetta reported "smoke and ash emission on March 25". The scientists concluded that the ash could indeed be mixed satisfactorily with Portland cement in the production of concrete, perhaps for local use. Only the extreme southern tip of the Lamington cone itself is seen on this sheet area, but volcanic ashes from the volcano are found considerable distances south-east of the mountain. Four ‘land systems’ were mapped on Victory, reflecting different zones of vegetation, but little attention could be paid to studying all of them, and no follow-up surveys were undertaken that might have provided a longer time series of vegetation changes. Arrows show net plate motion relative to the Australian Plate. Mount Lamington, therefore, was not conforming to the subduction zone model, meaning that generalisations about the behaviour of explosive volcanoes at subduction zones elsewhere could not necessarily be transferred to Lamington. Volcanic features of Mount Victory. Finally, scientists from the CSIRO Cement and Ceramics Section in Melbourne tested the physical ‘pozzolanic’ qualities of ash samples from the 1951 eruption (Alexander and Vivian 1957). The question was raised in Marsh’s mind, and no doubt in others, of whether the park was, in fact, a memorial rather than a true ‘cemetery’. Eleven different ‘units’ are distinguished in this map of the ‘Lamington’ land system (number 9) by Haantjens et al. A rift-like zone of linear fractures can also be seen on the 1947 aerial photograph (Figure 3.9). The ashes of Mount Lamington were just one of the subjects of volcanological interest to Bryan Ruxton during the mapping of the Safia–Pongani area. These removals of personal identity would lead to unpleasant disputes several decades later, and to disaffection among those European relatives of the deceased who wanted to visit grave sites in what had become an unkempt and deteriorating park (Marsh 2005–08; Speer 2005–14). Taylor was part of the CSIRO team and he reported on ‘succession’ vegetation on what he called the ‘blast areas’ of both volcanoes and of Mount Lamington (Taylor 1957, 1964). Many of these deposits occupy pre-existing valleys that are dangerous because of the propensity of rapidly descending mudflows and pyroclastic flows to follow them, as experienced during 1951. Plate boundaries in Papua New Guinea. The Lamington/Popondetta recording station was used in 1973 during a major ‘East Papua Crustal Survey’ undertaken by seven, mainly Australian, geophysical agencies, including BMR and ANU. Taylor (1957) concluded that as much as 400 square kilometres of vegetation had been destroyed on Victory by its late nineteenth-century eruption, an area twice the size of the area of total devastation on Lamington in 1951. Mt Lamington (Papua New Guinea) volcano: uncertain report about smoke and ash emission According to setyoufreenews.com, Mt Lamington volcano in New Guinea is showing some signs of becoming active. At present, there is no Benioff-Wadati subduction zone beneath the ophiolite sheet. Lamington is a volcano on the southeastern tip of Papua New Guinea. We present the results of a detailed reinvestigation of deposits of the famous 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington which was originally studied by T. Taylor (1958). Consequently the Lamington PDC ingested more air and was more dilute than those at St. Helens and Bezymianny. Three adventive features on the lower south-eastern flank of the volcano, however, are not part of this zone. The meteorological data used are from McAlpine, Keig and Short (1975), and the extent to which they can be applied in detail to Mount Lamington is uncertain. This information was contained in an undated, unpublished account written by Fred Kleckham probably shortly after the 1951 eruption. Lamington's summit contains ragged peaks and a … The Papuan people who speak the Orokaiva language live mainly in the northern foothills of Mount Lamington and on the adjoining plains. The third village studied by Schwimmer was Hohorita, population 348, which was made up of survivors from the now decimated Sangara people. We found that the climactic phase of the eruption was triggered by a relatively small gravitational collapse of the old intracrater lava dome (debris avalanche V=0.02-0.04 cub. A second version of this explanation noted by Schwimmer derives not from the mountain Orokaiva but from the coastal Yega people who were traditional enemies of the now decimated ‘inlanders’. This region has one of the most complex tectonic regimes on Earth (Fig. All of these challenges, and others, meant that the reports and coloured maps for the first two land survey sheets could not be published until 1964—that is, 10 years after completion of the surveys (Haantjens et al. Mount Lamington may have been inactive for well over 1,000 years prior to the 1951 eruption. He was sympathetic with the nationalistic views of the Pangu Pati but became a member of Julius Chan’s People’s Progress Party. Stratigraphic characteristics of the deposit demonstrate strong local fluctuations, but have clear trends with distance from the volcano. Signs from Sumbiripa reach the living regularly, because at all times the Mountain has rumbled and sent forth tremors and smoke. Remarkably, a geoscientific revolution was taking place in the late 1960s that carried at least some potential to answer some of these questions. The report of the ‘Arek Select Committee’ released in 1971 contained proposals for the structure of parliament and electorates as well as blueprints for self-government and independence (e.g. Resettlement, Myths and Memorialisation, 10. These rocks had been thrust up by powerful tectonic forces forming the so-called ‘Papuan Ultramafic Belt’ (PUB), which makes up the towering barrier of the Owen Stanley Range (Davies 1971). There is an impression here of post-disaster, administration fatigue—a vacuum, perhaps created in part by the departure of Murray, but probably more so by the lack of resources needed to make significant, ongoing improvements in the still isolated and recovering district in the early 1950s. The cult appears to have been politically benign—simply a magico-religious means of acquiring the same European knowledge that yielded wealth not yet possessed by the Yega (Schwimmer 1977). The volcano rises to 1680 meters above the … These and other vertical faults in the area were considered to represent evidence for pronounced uplift in geologically recent times, and to be associated with ‘block-faulted’ terrain such as Ruxton (1966a) had mapped in the Managalase area. There are differences, however, between the two volcanoes. Ruxton also recognised that he was studying ash sequences on only one side of the volcano, and that sequences elsewhere, deposited by different winds, might be quite different. The forested peak of the volcano had not been recognised as such until its devastating eruption in 1951 that caused about 3.000 deaths. An oblique aerial colour photograph of the dome was taken in 1962 by a National Geographic magazine photographer (Scofield 1962). These volcanic features appeared to have been built against a larger, parabolic, south-east facing crater wall. This was on the basis of only thin ash layers being preserved on nearby Trafalgar volcano (after Haantjens et al. These compilations were invaluable not only for the CSIRO land surveys themselves but also for later volcanological hazard assessments. Before it erupted in 1951, when Upoto was a boy, the people living on the mountain did not realize it was a volcano. Memorial News – PNG Kundu Dec 2020. Downs 1980; Meek 1982; Nelson 1982; Denoon 2005). + 1 letter. Such a view is not all that dissimilar to Newton’s Third Law of Motion: that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The second question is answered affirmatively today by the Orokaiva and some speak bitterly about the failure of the colonial administration to evacuate people (Stead 2018). Part of the CSIRO land use map. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea.… Denham 1969). Figure 9.4. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. Local names for Lamington peaks drawn on old milk label. Fairly regular inspections of the volcano were carried out during these years—some routinely, others in response to reports of increased vapour emission from the dome or other changes. By the 1960s, the name Sumbiripa was prominent in many different versions of the myth collected by different people at different times (e.g. CSIRO plant ecologist B.W. We attribute this difference to the fact that, unlike the St. Helens and Bezymianny examples, the Lamington blast cloud first ascended vertically before collapsing and producing a PDC. According to the brief news, locals from the community of Popendetta reported "smoke and ash emission on March 25". Further, staff of the Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries were reported as having been withdrawn from the Northern District ‘once the need for producing food for relief measure had passed … Interest waned and was reported to be “completely dead” in 1953’ (Waddell and Krinks 1968, 16). The eruption destroyed the northern half of the mountain and generated a massive pyroclastic surge, which killed more than 3500 people and destroyed dozens of villages. Figure 9.5. Smith (1981, adapted from his fig. The eruption of Mt Lamington on Sunday 21 January 1951 was the greatest natural disaster on Australian-administered territory of Papua New Guinea. Oblique aerial view of summit area of Lamington. Plant ecologist B.W. This version of the myth was told in some detail by Cedrick S. Mimari of Kendata Village in 1987, assisted by his nephew Winterford Poraripa (Johnston 1995). Land use ‘units’ in the Lamington area. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea.… This drawing accompanied a short version of the legend written in Orokaiva by Joel Oreba (1976, 5). Lamington's summit contains ragged peaks and a … #1 Mount Lamington Mountain Elevation: 1680 m Updated: 2019-05-17 Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. The conclusion needs to be qualified, however, because Ruxton did not address the possibility of younger ages for smaller eruptions whose deposits are more difficult to recognise, including those from the minor, well-formed, satellite volcanoes on the western side of the Lamington cone (Figure 9.2). The overall impression from the map is one of authorities and communities having learnt the lessons of the volcanic disaster of 1951. The university had been created as a postwar venture in 1946 and three professors in history, geography, economics and related subjects from RSPAS visited the Territory on a reconnaissance trip between 14 October and 10 November 1951 (Spate, Davidson and Firth 1952). Small pieces of these distinctively dark PUB rocks could be seen in the light-coloured deposits and lava dome rocks produced by the Lamington eruption of 1951 (e.g. These facts appear clearly from the cycle of myths, centred on the Mountain, collected by me in the vernacular in 1966–1967. Did some mountain Orokaiva see and hear the Victory eruption and pass the story on to descendants? The mountain, in three of the versions, begins to rise because Sumbiri, ignoring a taboo, had sex with his wife. Lamington was no longer in eruptive mode in the early 1970s, but other volcanoes in the Territory certainly were. One final contribution from the Australian colonial period—one that has disaster management significance—is a topographic map entitled ‘Popondetta’ that was published by the Australian military in 1974 for general use (Royal Australian Survey Corps 1974). The area of extreme damage extended over a radius of about 12 km, while people near Higaturu, 14 km from the volcano, were killed by the blast or burned to death. The second of the 15 map sheets to be surveyed by a CSIRO land resources team was the ‘Wanigela–Cape Vogel’ area south-east of Mount Lamington (Haantjens et al. The Yega said that the anger of the mountain was being directed at the Europeans as payback for the hangings of the Orokaiva at Higaturu in 1943. The diagram was provided courtesy of Mr John R. Horne. Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. The southern edge of the Lamington volcano is outside the southern limit of the Buna–Kokoda sheet area (see Ruxton et al. Some of these visits were in response to reports of increased volcanic activity at the volcano but all were identified as ‘false alarms’. Other important developments in Port Moresby included the start, also in 1964, of an Administration College and, in 1965, the creation of the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) (Meek 1982). Improved earthquake mapping from numerous stations worldwide underpinned development of the revolutionary theory of plate tectonics that emerged in 1967–68 and whose impact became clearer during the early 1970s. These were likely to have been areas burnt regularly by the Orokaiva who appear to have abandoned this practice post-eruption, after which the area became invaded by secondary forest growth. The volcanoes of New Britain are the result of subduction of the northward-migrating Solomon Sea Plate under the South Bismarck Plate. We found that the climactic phase of the eruption was triggered by a relatively small gravitational collapse of the old intracrater lava dome (debris avalanche V=0.02-0.04 cub. The passage of a down-going plate into the Earth’s upper mantle is tracked by increasingly deeper earthquakes. 2). in Mount Lamington and the mountain Orokaiva in some of the years following the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975. Orokaiva historian Maclaren Hiari also recorded that ‘Sumbiri’—without the suffix ‘pa’—is the name of a tribal warrior from the Angereufu clan of the Songe tribe (Hiari 2013). This survey took place in 1954 but, again, the published report did not appear until 1964. The three academics did not visit the Northern District and the Lamington disaster received very little mention, although one of the authors briefly listed 11 research topics, the eleventh of which was entitled ‘Changes in the settlement pattern in the Mount Lamington area’ (Spate 1952, 12–13). The main road along the northern side of the mountain eastwards to Popondetta has a string of settlements, including two villages at Awala, together with nearby Saiho where the hospital had long since been closed. New educational and political opportunities were being provided from this time onwards for Papua New Guineans at both institutions (Nelson 1972). The forested peak of the volcano had not been recognised as such until its devastating eruption in 1951 that … Six volcanoes along the southern margin of the South Bismarck plate (Figure 9.9) were volcanically active during 1972–75 in a remarkable ‘time cluster’ of eruptions (Cooke et al. It is the omphalos kosmou [centre of the cosmos] of Orokaiva myth: the origin of death, warfare, fire—and generally of all those cultural elements established by the transforming deities—are traced to the Mountain, while the division of the people into distinct language groups is likewise a primordial event that occurred on the Mountain. This was not the first time that ANU RSPAS researchers had shown an interest in the Territory. Langmore 1993; Denoon 2005). Pacific Islands Monthly 1951f), and persuading administration staff to occupy positions at Popondetta must have been inherently problematic. Extracting scientific interpretations from powerful and strongly told myths after disasters can be a fraught exercise, but one can conclude in the case of Mount Lamington that evidence of witnessed, undoubted, pre-1951 eruptive activity cannot be confidently obtained from the myths. Victory is a 1,925-metre-high, somewhat asymmetric, volcanic cone (Figure 9.5). km, traveling maximum distance of 15 km in N direction; 3500 people were killed by the eruption. The summit lava dome in the avalanche amphitheatre of Mount Lamington is seen clearly in this photograph taken from the south in 1962 (Scofield 1962). However, according to Schwimmer, white planters and public servants claimed that the mission had been promulgating the false wrath of God explanation, and that now the mission was promoting the ‘geophysical’ explanation simply to counter that earlier criticism from the planters and public servants. ABN : 52 234 063 906. Items 62 View Catalogue km; L=8.5 km; H/L=0.14). The Administration College seeded the political influence of a progressive ‘Committee of Thirteen’—Papua New Guineans who publicly proposed early self-government. A version of the myth told at Hohorita, where Sangara survivors of the eruption now lived, deals primarily with a fight between a pig and a large dog, or dogs, during which the mountain became divided into different parts or peaks. Taylor spent part of the next few years at the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics (BMR) headquarters in Canberra writing his major report on the 1951 eruption, but he maintained a strong commitment to work on other active volcanoes in the Territory. The instrumented, yet now-quiet Mount Lamington resides on the SE peninsula of the main island of Papua New Guinea. Pre-eruption mythology does seem to have evolved to something different and more substantial after the 1951 eruption. The map is at 1:100,000 scale and was produced from triangulation surveys and from aerial photographs flown in 1973, supplemented by track and village information taken from patrol reports up to 1973. The survey methodology adopted by CSIRO was innovative. Detailed 6 day mountain weather forecast for climbers and mountaineers. The length of each sector is proportional to the time that winds blow in the plotted direction during this period. The deposit consists of mostly juvenile rock fragments (80-85%) represented by poorly vesicular (4 - 40%) highly crystalline dacite; bombs with poorly developed bread crust surfaces are common in proximal areas. The January 21, 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua New Guinea, completely devastated an area of 230 km2 and killed 2500 people (Taylor 1958). The joint team used a total of 42 recording stations in a broad belt across the entire Papuan Peninsula to determine the crustal structure beneath Mount Lamington (Finlayson et al. Aerial photographs taken one month after eruption show that the PDC was strongly channelized even by small (tens meters) topographic features; the front of the moving PDC was frequently split into multiple small tongues which were variously deflected by topography. Mount Lamington is located in the eastern part of the island of New Guinea on the Papuan Peninsula (Fig. Deeper structures, such as any seismically inactive subducted slabs, could not be determined by the survey. However, the presence of buried soil layers, signifying breaks in eruptive activity, were helpful, as were four radiocarbon dates on charred wood fragments. (or is it just me...), Smithsonian Privacy Further, had the reduction of conflicts between Orokaiva groups and the construction of the road between the coast and Kokoda across the slopes of Lamington—Monckton’s ‘Yodda Road’ to the goldfields—brought about by the colonists provided greater opportunities for the sharing of information and stories across Orokaiva country? Paulus Arek proposed in 1969 that an all-parties committee be established in Port Moresby to consider the constitutional development of a future self-governing country. The whole surface of the Earth is covered by tectonic ‘plates’—some large, others small—that move relative to one another along linear, earthquake-defined boundaries. Marsh had to manage the situation as diplomatically as he could, not only on behalf of the administration, but also of the Australian Government, which was largely in favour of the resolute trend towards self-government and independence, more so after Gough Whitlam, leader of the Australian Labor Party, became prime minister in 1972. Attempts by villagers to rescue them, apparently using a line of cane, are frustrated by the hole becoming deeper as the mountain grows higher, and they perish. The Yega explanation may have resided somewhere within a cargo cult that was prevalent in 1951. Post-1951 versions of the Sumbiripa myth are captured in these two drawings. [1964b] 2010b). How were the remains identified? One of these, number 15, is called the ‘Ambogo’ land system, which is readily seen on the map by the several narrow, irregular strips—coloured in mauve—like streams escaping from the summit area. The age of Mount Lamington as a whole is probably less than 110,000 years—most likely within the range of 80–100,000 years. This sketch was drawn in 1969 on the label of a powdered milk container provided by an Orokaiva landowner called Barnabas who used only local names for the numerous peaks. Mild vapour emission is taking place from the top of the dome where there are small lava spines. The value of the map rests in providing a benchmark record of settlement and infrastructure in the Lamington area, defining the layout of the road and track system and so on as they were in 1974 at the end of Australian colonialism. Isivita is not shown either, but a foot track runs from Kendata on the north-western flank of the mountain down to Sasembata Mission, and a road then runs through Sivepe to the main road at Waseta. The Anglican mission itself put forward that scientific view after the 1951 eruption, which seems a rational and sensible step to take. The road then runs past the Embi Lakes to the coast of Oro Bay. The significance and symbolism of the colonial memorial cemetery came under scrutiny during his time as district commissioner from aspiring leaders and other ‘big men’ in the Popondetta area. Ingleby (1966) provided a description of the Lamington area as it was in 1966. He had come to Papua New Guinea at a time when the Anglican Mission was struggling to recover after the devastation of the Second World War. The western slopes of Mount Victory had been referred to by Captain Moresby in 1874 as ‘open grassy and wooded slopes, which have all the appearance of English parkland’ (Moresby 1876, 276). Mt Fubilan, Ok Tedi & Other Tales – (Part Three) Fast Track Teacher Training in TPNG: My Experience. The map’s area includes both Victory and Goropu, or Waiowa, volcanoes. This involved abandoning the fine church they had built after the eruption at Irihambo and rebuilding another, less-impressive one at Hohorita (e.g. These c. 50 peaks are also the highest mountains of Australasia and the continent of Australia, where, outside New Guinea, the highest mountain is Aoraki / Mount Cook in New Zealand with a height of 3724 m. Eruption of Mt Lamington, Papua New Guinea, 1951 [picture] / Albert Speer Call Number PIC/9275/1-62 LOC Album 1085 A Created/Published 1951 or 1952 Extent 1 album (62 photographs) : b&w ; 23.5 x 34 cm. +61 2 6125 5111 However, Christian Orokaiva interviewed by Schwimmer in 1966–67 were rejecting the wrath of God explanation as ‘resting on a misunderstanding of the nature of God’ (Schwimmer 1977, 317). This conclusion was on the basis of the age—supported by radiocarbon dates—of the youngest studied ash layer, the Silimbu Ash, which had 23 centimetres of topsoil developed on it. He was ordered to come inland and blow up the mountain’ (Opeba 1977, 228). Did these stories carry with them accounts of the overwhelming fierceness of the devastating eruption at Mount Victory together with a derived understanding of ‘the origin of death, warfare, [and] fire’? The full sequence, however, could not be observed and there had been some observable local thickening and redistribution of the ash. Unfortunately, until 1951, residents of the surrounding Oro province thought it was just a wooded mountain top, ( an area covered with woods). 2). The Australian National University, Canberra 9. Notice, Smithsonian Terms of Arek had a forceful, outspoken and flamboyant personality, and was an ardent nationalist, serious-minded politician and trade unionist. The ‘Wanigela’ and ‘Kopwei’ land systems on Victory were found to consist of outwash fans of volcanic sands and gravel, and were best developed on the south-eastern side of the mountain (see map in Haantjens et al. Taylor 1958). Mt Wilhelm is the highest but what is the second highest mountain in PNG? Mount Lamington, in Papua, began to erupt on the night of 18th January, 1951. Lamington's summit contains ragged peaks and a … Fundamental questions of causation needed to be explained. To what extent, however, had stories about the powerful eruption at Mount Victory in the late nineteenth century infiltrated the cultural mores of the mountain Orokaiva in relation to their own stories about Mount Lamington and its ‘roars’? G.A.M. A lot had been achieved, but much remained to be done. A third explanation listed by Schwimmer is the now familiar one: that the wrath of the Christian but Jehovah-like God, rather than the anger of Sumbiripa, had caused the disaster because of transgressions by the Orokaiva. Kururi cone on the Managalase Plateau. of Papua New Guinea, New Britain, and the Solomon Islands. The broad structure of the PUB as an area of crustal thickening was confirmed, but the thickness of the crust beneath Lamington was found to be only 8 kilometres. The collapse was followed by vertical explosive fountain which was not buoyant and formed a pyroclastic density current (PDC). Mount Lamington is a 1,680 meter-high volcano in Papua New Guinea. (Sinclair 1981, 100). Nothing further was concluded on the subject of eruption periodicity, but the work demonstrated the potential for integrated field studies of Lamington ash deposits in other parts of the area around the volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 18(1-4), 215-247. Note how many of these features are sited within a broad band running east-north-eastwards up the western flank of the volcano and encompassing the summit area, as shown by the two red dashed lines. 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