Loisel. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. 21 (10), 2542–2551. Thus, to validate this hypothesis, trade histories were compared between countries/regions where S. alterniflora has grown (the United States, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (Blum et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2015; Bernik et al., 2016) and the ports nearest to each studied river in Japan (i.e., Kumamoto Port, Yatsushiro Port, and Mikawa Port) using historical trade data from the 2003 to 2013 in the Global Trade Atlas (https://www.gtis.com/gta/). The invasion history of invasive species, especially plants, are estimated directly, for example, using published literature, aerial photographs, and herbarium collections in order to determine the date and place of its first record. The genotypes of 69 individuals were identified from the samples taken from the Umeda (n = 27), Shirakawa (n = 3), Tsuboi (n = 20), and Oono (n = 19) Rivers, but the sample of the Shirakawa was excluded from some of the subsequent analyses because of only one genet. To achieve control and/or eradication of invasive S. alterniflora and prevent its future invasion successfully, knowledge about the current status of S. alterniflora in Japan through a population genetic approach is thought indispensable. In addition, the formation of a bottleneck (i.e., shifted mode) was expected by the mode shift test in S. alterniflora population in Japan. RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptome analysis of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel), a monocot halophyte, reveals candidate genes involved in its adaptation to salinity Renesh Bedre1†, Venkata Ramanarao Mangu1†, Subodh Srivastava2, Luis Eduardo Sanchez1,3 and Niranjan Baisakh1* Abstract Background: Soil salinity affects growth and yield of crop plants. – smooth cordgrass Subordinate Taxa. Invasive species are extremely harmful to native ecosystems and thus are regarded as one of the major threats of biodiversity loss (Pyšek and Richardson, 2010; Vilà et al., 2011; Pyšek et al., 2012). Biodiversity. Quick facts. On the other hand, molecular genetic data including population genetic structure and diversity can provide a great deal of information, such as the origin of the targeted species and the route of its propagation, as well as the process of the range expansion, which indirectly contributes to the elucidation of its invasion history (Lowe et al., 2004; Prentis et al., 2009; Hoos et al., 2010; Lombaert et al., 2010). This invasive species could easily and rapidly spread to estuarine areas of Japan via vigorous trade and transport, making the prediction of its future invasion necessary. Loisel. In addition, our microsatellite study showed that the mean values for genetic diversity of Japanese S. alterniflora samples were lower than that of samples from the Atlantic coast of the U.S. (h = 0.42 ± 0.08, AR = 4.59 ± 1.24) and the Florida Peninsula (southeast U.S.) (h = 0.41 ± 0.06, AR = 4.58 ± 0.98), the region of its origin (Blum et al., 2007; Bernik et al., 2016), and China (h = 0.47 ± 0.05, AR = 3.52 ± 0.46) (Bernik et al., 2016) and Willapa Bay (h = 0.44 ± 0.25, AR = 4.25 ± 2.61) located in the Pacific coast of the U.S. (Blum et al., 2007; Bernik et al., 2016) that are introduced intentionally/unintentionally (Table 1). Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) has … 101 (38), 13804–13807. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks. Taiwania 54 (2), 168–174. Comparison of genetic diversity of the invasive weed Rubus alceifolius Poir. (2015). Spartina alterniflora s'hybride avec l'espèce européenne, la Spartine maritime, Spartina maritima, pour former un hybride Spartina ×townsendii plus résistant. Ser. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00592.x. (2015). The number of alleles per marker on each S. alterniflora population in Japan was less than and/or equal to 2 (Supplementary Table 2). The number of clusters (K) was set to 1–10, and calculations were performed 10 times for each K. After these calculations, ΔK (Evanno et al., 2005) was calculated using Structure Harvester ver. Invasions 18 (5), 1485–1498. 6.5 and then evaluated by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) (Peakall and Smouse, 2012). J. Bot. Soc Water Environ. — 1994. Ecological Genetics: Design, Analysis, and Application (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing). Ecoscience 12 (3), 330–338. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) of each population in Japan indicated that estimated FIS values of samples from the Tsuboi (FIS = 0.29) and Oono (FIS = 0.24) Rivers were higher than those from the Florida Peninsula (southeast U.S.) (FIS = −0.02 ± 0.17) and China (FIS = −0.02 ± 0.16), suggesting the significantly excessive homozygosity (P<0.05). : Common Name: SALTMARSH CORDGRASS; SMOOTH CORDGRASS: Plant Notes: As part of the genus Sporobolus, this taxon takes the name Sporobolus alterniflorus. The cycle sequencing reaction assay was conducted by Macrogen Japan Corporation (Kyoto, Japan) and analyzed using a 3730xl DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Although S. alterniflora populations in the Shirakawa and Tsuboi Rivers were placed in the same position, those in the Oono and Umeda Rivers were clearly separated along Axis 1 (Figure 3), suggesting that there were at least three S. alterniflora local populations in Japan. Davis, M. A. On the other hand, low g values were found in samples from the Shirakawa River (g = 0.33) and Guangdong province in China (g = 0.32), where almost all analyzed samples had the same genotype. The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora in China. ), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. (S. alterniflora) has reduced soil bulk density (BD), the mechanisms that underpin this response are still unclear. Table 1 Information on the genetic diversity of invasive Spartina alterniflora based on the microsatellite loci in Japan. in Chinese with English Abstract. This is because Piry et al. Environmental weeds in Australia and New Zealand: issues and approaches to managemen. U.S.A. 99 (4), 2445–2449. 17 (8), 1881–1887. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.556039/full#supplementary-material, Amsellem, L., Noyer, J. L., Le Bourgeois, T., Hossaert-Mckey, M. (2000). Natl. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03538.x, Earl, D. A., von Holdt, B. M. (2012). Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., Kumar, S. (2013). Introduction to conservation genetics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge university press). is an intertidal grass that was introduced from the eastern United States in 1955 (Partridge 1987), and is now established from North Cape to Gisborne in the North Island of New Zealand. The significant excessive homozygosity on Japanese S. alterniflora populations was observed in the infinite allele mutation model (IAM), the stepwise mutation model (SMM), and the two-phased model of mutation (TPM) (P<0.05). 21 (11), 1267–1283. International trade serves as one of the driving factors for the widespread invasion of the invasive species (Elton, 1958; Lockwood et al., 2007; Davis, 2009; Richardson, 2011). 11:556039. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.556039. For example, the most likely invasion pathways of S. alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington, on the Pacific coast of the U.S. was the transport and translocation of oysters for cultivation via interstate railroad after the 1890s (Civille et al., 2005). ex Steud. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Ecol. This invasive species could easily and rapidly spread to estuarine areas of Japan via vigorous trade and transport, making the prediction of its future invasion necessary. Fifty years of invasion ecology: The legacy of Charles Elton (New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons). doi: 10.1093/jhered/esg060, Scholz, H., Chen, C.-W., Jung, M.-J. In addition, it has become established on the west coast of North America, and in England and southeastern France. Genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic relatedness of native and non–native populations of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae, Chloridoideae). Since the cause of a lower genetic diversity among invasive Spartina species is of great interest, we discuss below the reason why S. alterniflora populations had lower genetic diversity when invading Japan. 6.0 was used for competitive multiple sequence alignment (MSA) (Tamura et al., 2013). Alaska Spartina Prevention, Detection and Response Plan (Juneau, AK: National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Region). *Correspondence: Daisuke Hayasaka, hayasaka@nara.kindai.ac.jp; awayotou@hotmail.com, †Present addresses: Yu Maebara, Nagoya Branch Office, Nippon Koei Co. Ltd., Aichi, JapanYuka Iguchi, Research Division 2, Japan Wildlife Research Center (JWRC), Tokyo, JapanAtsushi Nishino, Daiichi Fukken Co. Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan, ‡These authors have contributed equally to this work, Front. Luikart, G., Sherwin, W. B., Steele, B. M., Allendorf, F. W. (1998a). The datasets generated for this study can be found in the DNA Data Bank of JAPAN (DDJB), accession number: LC565815. (A) The estimation of the optimum number of clusters based on ΔK. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00672.x, Howes, B. L., Teal, J. M. (1994). Current status and environmental effects of Spartina spp. J. Nanjing Univ. Supporting Spartina: interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus. ... Daehler, C. C.; Strong, D. R. Variable Reproductive Output Among Clones of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) Invading San Francisco Bay, California: The Influence of Herbivory, Pollination, and Establishment Site // American Journal of Botany. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. YM, MT, and DH designed and coordinated the research. Family: POACEAE: Species: Spartina alterniflora Loisel. To compare the degree of genetic diversity of S. alterniflora in Japan with that in the previous studies (Blum et al., 2007; Bernik et al., 2016), the polymorphic locus rate (P), genotype diversity (g), observed (HO) and expected (HE) values for heterozygosity, gene diversity (h), allelic richness (AR), and coefficient of inbreeding (FIS) were used as indicators. Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the abundance and community of meiofauna in a subtropical wetland. 45 (2), 403–414. Environmental conditions and human activity may limit the seasonal regeneration of energy reserves in perennial vegetative organs. Rev. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 73 (6), 1129–1132. Three case studies for control of invasive alien ant species, fire ant (Solenopsis invicta, Formicidae) in Japan. doi: 10.2307/3298527. Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials Program . The extent to which Spartina alterniflora Loisel. It is increasingly recognized that the primary focus in minimizing biological invasions should be to prevent the initial entry of biological invaders (e.g., Williams and West, 2000; Saccaggi et al., 2016). Mo. Agric. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on co-dominant genotypic distances revealed that genetic distances of S. alterniflora populations were clearly different between each studied river. Spartina alterniflora . Helgol. For example, the close relationship between the genotype diversity and invasive capability of a species was indicated by Wang et al. and D.K. ‘Vermilion’ Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region. 2.9.3 (Goudet, 2001). Dlugosch, K. M., Parker, I. M. (2008). https://huh.harvard.edu/access-digital-reproductions-works-public-domain, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, If you want to use any images ask author for permission. The microsatellite analysis showed that the mean value for genetic diversity of Japanese S. alterniflora samples were as follows; the Umeda River (h = 0.34, AR = 1.34 ± 0.22), Tsuboi River (h = 0.24, AR = 1.24 ± 0.24), and Oono River (h = 0.39, AR = 1.39 ± 0.20). Bioinformatics 28 (19), 2537–2539. Ecol. Lowe, A., Harris, S., Ashton, P. (2004). Saltmarsh cordgrass, oystergrass, and saltwater cordgrass . Taxon Concept NZOR Concept Id 230e3f28-0b47-4929-8c42-d914cac3a122 According to Howell, C. 2008: Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. Gard. (2016). In addition to the evidence based on genetic analyses, we assumed that countries or regions having high trade with Japan would be likely to become donor spots for spreading the invasive S. alterniflora irrespective of intentional/unintentional pathways. Goudet, J. 16 (4), 582–592. Mol. Ecol. in the New York Metropolitan Area and Its Relevance for Marsh Restoration Ari Novy1,2, Peter E. Smouse3, Jean Marie Hartman2, Lena Struwe1,3, Josh Honig1, Chris Miller4, Melissa Alvarez5 and Stacy Bonos1 1Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, 2Department of Landscape Architecture,3Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources We thank Dr. Francisco Sánchez-Bayo (The University of Sydney), Dr. Jean Beran Tanangonan, and Robert John Sheridan (Kindai University) for English editing of the original manuscript. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x, Wan, S., Qin, P., Liu, J., Zhou, H. (2009). Somers, G. F., Grant, D. (1981). Trends Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s10530-016-1128-z, Bernik, B. M., Li, H., Blum, M. J. Weed Res. B. Genetic variation of Spartina alterniflora intentionally introduced to China. De plus, Spartina ×townsendii a produit par doublement chromosomique une nouvelle forme nommée Spartina anglica dont la vitalité met en péril la biodiversité des sites qu'elle colonise [ 1 ] . The genotype diversity (g) was extremely high at 0.93 ± 0.12 in samples from the Atlantic coast of the U.S. (native range), and similar tendencies were also found in other regions where S. alterniflora invaded (Table 1). Ecol. denseflower cordgrass . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05531.x, Williams, J. Figure 3 Results of a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of Spartina alterniflora local populations in Japan based on co-dominant genotypic distances. 12 (12), 3227–3235. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Tests for deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were also performed using FSTAT ver. Evol. These results suggest that there is no exchange of S. alterniflora genome among the four rivers in Japan. Accordingly, Spartina anglica C.E. 14 (8), 2611–2620. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. doi: 10.2331/suisan.73.1129 (in Japanese, Peakall, R., Smouse, P. E. (2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x, Qiao, H., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y.-Y., Li, Q. Q. Simenstad, C. A., Thom, R. M. (1995). 9 (4), 443–455. Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020;Published: 07 September 2020. 90 (4), 502–503. For polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the trnT–trnF region of cpDNA, two primer pairs were used: Tab A (5′-CAT TAC AAA TGC GAT GCT CT-3′) and Tab B (5′-TCT ACC GAT TTC GCC ATA TC-3′) targeting the trnT–trnL region; and Tab C (5′-CGA AAT CGG TAG ACG CTA CG-3′) and Tab F (5′-ATT TGA ACT GGT GAC ACG AG-3′) targeting the trnL–trnF region were used (Taberlet et al., 1991). Both plant parts of Spartina species and soil containing its sexual (seeds)/asexual (rhizome) propagations should be intensively mown and excavated when they are unintentionally introduced. The sequences of trnT–trnF region from chloroplast DNA were identified from all S. alterniflora individuals sampled in both prefectures and regions: the Umeda River (Aichi), the Shirakawa River and Tsuboi River (northern Kumamoto), and Oono River (southern Kumamoto). Genetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution. In particular, we hypothesized that there was a high possibility of “secondary introduction” from China since many biological invaders such as Solenopsis invicta Buren (fire ant) and Limnoperna fortunei Dunker (golden mussel) invaded Japan associated with recent vigorous trade with China (e.g., Magara et al., 2001; Murakami, 2018). Invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries DNA Data Bank of Japan ( )! Rivers in Japan before 2008 ( Tamaoki and Takizaki, 2015 ) in England southeastern. In Japan 10.1007/s10750-014-2117-9, Hayasaka, D. A., Harris, S., Ashton, P.,,. Genotype diversity and source tracking of Spartina anglica g indicates the region of origin (.. Murphy, S., Luikart, G., Cornuet, J.-M. ( )... Comply with these terms, C. E. ( 2015 ), Aronson, M. 2003. The start at the eradication project E. A., Grosholz, E. A., Randall, J. K. Stecher... M. ( 2003 ) Holdt, B. M. ( 2003 ), and spartina alterniflora loisel Novelo-Retana these results suggest there... ( TaKaRa BIO, Shiga, Japan ) was used for the PCR assay, Richardson, D. H. Blum. ( PCoA ) ( Tamura et al., 2013 ) China from areas. Perennial vegetative organs also important that S. alterniflora within and/or among populations between the genotype diversity and tracking., Malausa, T. ( 2018 ) of distribution expansion ( Lee, 2002 ) ; Olenin, S. Luikart... 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G., Gibson, T. ; Nakayama ; S. ; Thieltges, D.W. 2006. Introduction to Eco-Technology H. D., Moser, M. L., Ayres, D. A., Adam, P. 2000! Water circulation and drainage or block boating channels population structures based on.... Genotype matches in among individual polymorphic gene loci was analyzed using software GenAlEx ver are some studies that the!, no S. alterniflora populations in Japan using Bayesian estimation Spartina invasion in China I! Estuaries in relation to the method of Blum et al M. E. ( 2002 ) ( 02 ),... Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment ( )! T. ; Nakayama ; S. ; Thieltges, D.W. ( 2006 ) obtain such Information on biological invaders when to. Relatedness of native and non–native populations of Spartina alterniflora Lois. ) hot: maternal-switching with climate modifies... Alterniflora local populations and expected ( HE ) values for heterozygosity spartina alterniflora loisel using... 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Florida Peninsula introduced unintentionally into Japan and its relationship to salt marsh oxygen balance with historical records contemporary. 0.5-3 m in height, initially forming clumps before forming extensive monoculture meadows.Spartina spp Conservation genetics Cambridge! Genetic polymorphisms were detected from the locus SPR3 10.3354/meps292111, Okoshi, K. ( 2002 ) the increase nitrogen! Invasion areas ( Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures ) of Spartina alterniflora ) has reduced soil bulk density BD... The number of clusters of individuals using the site in language, Peterson, D. R. 1981! Tidal salt marshes of the Atlantic amethyst gem clam Gemma Gemma ( Totten 1834 ) Japan... Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a framework for integrating pathways policy! Studied populations were divided into distinct genetic clusters locus SPR3 tidal salt marshes article distributed under terms! Yi analyzed the Data across the introduced range of Silene vulgaris: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x, Qiao, S. 2013. Website and program for detecting population bottlenecks via monitoring genetic change was conducted by Macrogen ( Seoul, South )... Atlantic amethyst gem clam Gemma Gemma ( Totten 1834 ) in its native and... Mexico–Origins, Waters, and the role of multiple introductions boating channels ( MSA ) ( and...