We then cleaned the underground plant structures with water. 3), but S. alterniflora gained competitive dominance at a high salinity of 11.8‰ (Table 1; Fig. 11‰. Effects of salinity and interspecific competition on the performance of Spartina alterniflora in the field competition experiment. Halotropism: Phytohormonal Aspects and Potential Applications. Spartina alterniflora is a highly salt-tolerant monocotyledonous halophyte that belongs to the Poaceae family (Subudhi and Baisakh 2011). Moreover, the succession of a native community will be initiated if the new arrival has competitive dominance, in which case, the new arrival with high tolerance to non‐resource stress can substantially change vegetation pattern. Rendiconti Lincei. The competitor‐stress tolerator‐ruderal theory and habitat partitioning theory account for stress and competition (Grime 1977, Grace 1991, Wisheu 1998). Afterwards, interspecific competition among the plants determines the community patterns. The performance of P. australis significantly decreased along the salinity gradient (Fig. Standard errors of 4 replicate plots are shown. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. We systematically … Dramatically, they can reciprocally invade. 2009). Spartina alterniflora (Spartina) is the only halophyte in the salt marsh. Plants may be inundated with salt water for up to 20 hours per day. 2006, Wang et al. 2012). The phalanx life strategy is considered to be important for invasive success of P. australis in Spartina marshes (Vasquez et al. 2006). Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in a New England salt marsh. Inundation and salinity are two major non‐resource conditions in salt marshes (Emery et al. 2004). Validation fonctionnelle du rôle des miARNs dans la tolérance au phénanthrène chez Spartina: Utilisation d’Arabidopsis en système hétérologue. 2 and 3). alterniflora” and “mudflat–S. Integrated community theory predicts that local environments are biological filters that determine the survival of new arrivals and thus structure a pool of plant species based on physiological tolerances (Christopher et al. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. Publication If you make use of the data presented here, please cite the following article: The full-length transcriptome of Spartina alterniflora reveals the complexity of high salt tolerance in monocotyledonous halophyte. These results suggest that plant size attributes can be very important in explaining population differences in salt tolerance in glycophytes, but may be independent of salt tolerance in halophytes, which have specialized physiological (and/or … Compared with rice, high salt stress highly induced the expression of stress response, protein modification and redox-related gene expression and greatly inhibited translation in Spartina. Because the image is small, the polynomial method was used for all correction models, followed by the acquisition of optimal bands through PCA analysis and false‐color processing (used for artificial interpretation). National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. (2004) have reported that S. alterniflora has an obvious competitive advantage over other natives such as S. mariqueter in wide salinity conditions. 2006b). Transcriptome analysis showed that high salt stress induced the expression of carbohydrate metabolism, especially cell-wall biosynthesis-related genes in Spartina, and repressed its expression in rice. 2020 Mar 9;251(4):76. doi: 10.1007/s00425-020-03366-6. 2010); and because the salinity of soil pore water in our Dongtan marsh study system is ca. The aboveground dry biomass, density and flowering ramets in each quadrat were determined. Long Tang and Yang Gao contributed equally to this work. 6). Thus, the soil salinity of the estuaries has risen. Six months later, we randomly selected four treated quadrats and four control quadrats and collected the plants in the center (1 m2) of the planting zone and the control. Effects of salinity on the interactions between Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in the field competition experiment. High salt stress induced the expression of transcription factors but repressed the expression of long non-coding RNAs. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. 1 and 7). (2006) and Wang et al. 2018. Thus, S. alterniflora could normally grow and sexually reproduce in the salinity of 0–20‰ (Fig. One quantitative measure of salt tolerance ... Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) Tetragonia tetragonoides (warrigal greens, kōkihi, sea spinach) Dunaliella (a green alga) sesuvium portulacastrum (sea purslane) As biofuel. To test the performance along the salinity gradient, an experiment was conducted in a controlled system at a scientific observation station, located at Chongming Island, 2.5 km west of Dongtan marsh. 8.5‰ (Fig. [15186] 14. The salinity in the zones above the mean spring tide water level decreased due to rain eluviations and a drastic decrease in input of salt from tides. In contrast, because the inhibitory effects of P. australis on S. alterniflora were increased by a decrease in salinity (Figs. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of salinity and plant species on the RNE, Tukey's test was used as a post hoc comparison. 2006a). However, current studies linking fungal response to salinity stress are limited. In recent years, the sea level has risen ca. 1 and 7). 1). 2). Methylococcaceae are the dominant active aerobic methanotrophs in a Chinese tidal marsh. Before S. alterniflora colonized Dongtan marsh, the zonation of the plant communities along the elevation gradients was mudflat–sedge–P. The controlled system consists of 100 cement pools (length 1.5 m × width 1.5 m × height 0.6 m). Some other studies have shown that the inundation stress of Dongtan marsh cannot substantially influence the performances and competitiveness of these two plants because they have a high tolerance to inundation (Wang et al. Here, S. alterniflora rapidly changed the community structure of P. australis in the high salinity zones (Figs. 2006b, Wang et al. It grows in a wide range of salinities, from about 5 psu to marine (32 psu), and has been described as the "single most important marsh plant species in the estuary" of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. The competitive inhibition of P. australis by S. alterniflora increased notably with the increase of salinity and over time (Table 2; Figs. This case study shows that if a new arrival has a wide tolerance range to major non‐resource stress factors of physiologically stressful ecosystems, it can not only displace natives by interspecific competition in the high‐stress zone and consequently initiate community succession but also rapidly spread into the zones without native plants. 2). Remote‐sensing data were obtained in mid‐November, when P. australis was withered and yellowed and S. alterniflora was still green; sedges, including Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus mariqueter and Carex scabrifolia, were relatively short, yellowed and fallen over. The SaVHAc1-expressing plants *Correspondence (fax +1 225 5781403; showed enhanced tolerance to salt stress than the wild-type plants, mainly through adjust- email nbaisakh@agcenter.lsu.edu) ments in early stage and preparatory physiological responses. S. alterniflora has become the largest plant community as of 2004 (Fig. Consumer driven pollen limitation of seed production in marsh grasses. Consequently, S. alterniflora had a higher growth rate in treatment salinities of 10‰, 15‰ and 20‰. Spartina plants have a salt gland and thus can excrete excess salt on the leaf face (Levering and Thomson 1971, Wang et al. 2010, Redondo‐Go'mez et al. may be accelerated in the marshes of eastern China in the future. Standard errors of 4 replicate quadrats are shown. 5‰, the middle marsh has the highest salinity of ca. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation, stratified random sampling based on an error matrix was applied to the categorized remote‐sensing results; all of the categorized images and corrected, classified results were assessed, and the accuracy of classified results was shown to be above 85%. In this study, we used Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) full-length single-molecule long-read sequencing and RNA-seq to elucidate the transcriptome dynamics of high salt tolerance in Spartina by salt gradient experiments. Effects of salinity and interspecific competition on the performance of Phragmites australis in the field competition experiment. Effects of salinity on growth, competitive interaction and total nitrogen content of two estuarine macrophyte species cultivated on artificial substrate. Touchette (2007) has suggested that salt may prevent absorption and transportation of nutrition in plants. In this study, the invasive S. alterniflora had a high tolerance to salt and thus a competitive superiority in high salinity conditions (Figs. 1) and P. australis, with a low tolerance, occupies the high marsh closest to the dike where salinity is low (Figs. SMOOTH CORDGRASS . Does salt stress affect the interspecific interaction between regionally dominant Suaeda salsa and Scirpus planiculumis?. Moreover, the invader had no dead ramet. Similarly, Vasquez et al. 2006, Wang et al. 2006, Wang et al. These results highlight that the rise of major non‐resource stressor levels can substantially increase the invasibility of the native community. Synthesis. Does Soil Pore Water Salinity or Elevation Influence Vegetation Spatial Patterns along Coasts? Trin and invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Li et al. Thus, moving from the dike to the seaward area of Dongtan salt marsh, the high marsh closest to the dike has the lowest salinity of ca. 7). Standard errors of 4 replicate plots are shown. Hence, even if controlled projects are practiced, S. alterniflora may recover. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7). Simultaneously, enhancement processing for the normalized vegetation index (used to distinguish vegetation from mudflats) was conducted to interpret information on S. alterniflora, P. australis, sedge and mudflats and to calculate the areas of the various communities. 2009). Salinity and performances of plants in 2004 and 2008 in Dongtan marsh. Spartina alterniflora Loisel (smooth cordgrass), a gramineous halophyte, can survive in as high as two fold strength of seawater (Niranjan Baisakh and Parami 2006) and is believed owning all possible mechanisms of salt tolerance, existence of salt glands, decrease in osmotic potential, biosynthesis of compatible solutes, ion exclu- Epub 2018 Jun 28. ESA Headquarters1990 M Street, NWSuite 700 For example, the osmotic potential of P. australis cannot increase with the increase of salinity, inhibiting water uptake (Vasquez et al. 2010). 2010). have been identified. Authors; Authors and affiliations; N. Sleimi; C. Abdelly; Conference paper. Relative importance of environmental variables for the distribution of the invasive marsh species Spartina alterniflora across different spatial scales. Bertness MD, Shumway SW, 1992. 2020 Sep 17;11:571025. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571025. 2.5 m wide. This type of growth response has been described as a phalanx life strategy, which allows the plant to exclude other plants from invading by increasing the size of aboveground tissues and root per unit time, resulting in high capture rate for all resources due to a high growth rate (Grime 1977, Grace 1991, Vasquez et al. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.6 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. Thirty pots of materials were divided into 15 groups, each including one pot of monoculture P. australis and one pot of monoculture S. alterniflora; two pots in each group were placed in cement pools with 10 cm of water. The experiments revealed that the growth and reproduction of the native species declined with increasing salinity but that the invasive species performed well in the salinity range of 0–20‰, illustrating why the invader could proliferate in the high salinity mudflats in Dongtan. All of the pots were placed in cement pools for four weeks with 5.0 cm of freshwater in each pool, and then the salinity treatment was applied. In mudflats, the annual average horizontal expansion rate of S. alterniflora has been documented to be 74.3 ± 8.6 cm (Chen et al. 2006b). The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared with P. australis was due to its ability to use Naþ for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. NLM Epub 2012 Jan 28. 4. Effects of interspecific interaction on seed germination between dominant species in the Yangtze River Estuary. australis before Spartina plants colonized; at present, the vegetation pattern is mudflat–Spartina spp., mudflat–sedge–Spartina spp. 1), which was related to the variation in salinity that is associated with the interaction between soil elevation and tide (Pennings and Callaway 1992, Pennings et al. 2011, Zhou et al. Co-expression network analysis found that protein kinase-encoding genes (SaOST1, SaCIPK10 and SaLRRs) are hub genes in the salt tolerance regulatory network. A repeated ANOVA was used to test the difference of salinity between the year of 2004 and 2008 in the South transect; the same analysis was performed for the North transect. The plants were harvested after six months. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is a Louisiana native monocot halophyte that can withstand salinity up to double the strength of sea water. Moreover, rectification and geometric correction were conducted for all the data based on this image. In contrast, the total dry biomass and inflorescence dry biomass of S. alterniflora did not substantially change along the salinity gradient (Fig. Vasquez et al. Tolerance between non-resource stress and an invader determines competition intensity and importance in an invaded estuary. An actin‐depolymerizing factor from the halophyte smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (SaADF2), is superior to its rice homolog (OsADF2) in conferring drought and salt tolerance when constitutively overexpressed in rice Sonali Sengupta. Elevated salinity and inundation will facilitate the spread of invasive Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Combined Effects of Global Climate Suitability and Regional Environmental Variables on the Distribution of an Invasive Marsh Species Spartina alterniflora. Here, we developed and evaluated transgenic rice lines with a single Salt Responsive Protein 3-1 (SaSRP3-1) gene as well as pyramids with two-genes SaSRP3-1 and Vacuolar H +-ATPase subunit c1 (SaVHAc1) derived from a halophyte grass Spartina alterniflora L. for salt tolerance at seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages. marshes with low salinity in North America has been changed by P. australis and its salt‐tolerant haplotype (Silliman and Bertness 2004, Vasquez et al. tolérance au phénanthrène chez Spartina: Utilisation d’Arabidopsis en système hétérologue Loup Tran van Canh To cite this version: Loup Tran van Canh. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than did S. alterniflora. Identification and expression analyses of the NAC transcription factor family in Spartina alterniflora. The ramets of one plant was surrounded by those of another plant species, with the exception of the ramets in the mixture quadrat edge row. Synergic effect of salinity and zinc stress on growth and photosynthetic responses of the cordgrass, Habitat selection and population interactions: the search for mechanism, Tidal regime, salinity and salt marsh plant zonation, Habitat heterogeneity influences restoration efficacy: implications of a habitat-specific management regime for an invaded marsh, The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession, Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession, Seagrass-salinity interactions: physiological mechanisms used by submersed marine angiosperms for a life at sea, Salt tolerance underlies the cryptic invasion of North American salt marshes by an introduced haplotype of the common reed, Effects of environmental gradients on the performances of four dominant plants in a Chinese saltmarsh: implications for plant zonation, Effects of growing conditions on the growth of and interactions between salt marsh plants: implications for invasibility of habitats, A new index of interspecific competition for replacement and additive designs, How organisms partition habitats: different types of community organization can produce identical patterns, Effects of soil nutrient heterogeneity on intraspecific competition in the invasive, clonal plant. Moving from the dike to the seaward side of Dongtan salt marsh, the soil pore water salinity gradually increased from ca. Wani SH, Kumar V, Khare T, Guddimalli R, Parveda M, Solymosi K, Suprasanna P, Kavi Kishor PB. Standard errors of 4 replicate quadrats are shown. However, while many studies have focused on the tolerance to low resource availability and competition under different levels of resource availability (Grime 1977, Tilman 1985, Tilman 1990, Grace 1991, Li et al. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.6 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. Both our pot experiment and several published studies demonstrate that P. australis produces more aboveground biomass than S. alterniflora and therefore has a competitive advantage in freshwater and low salinity habitats (Figs. This vegetation pattern is typical in the coastal salt marshes of eastern China that favor invasive S. alterniflora. 2 and 3) (Vasquez et al. There are similar processes induced by Spartina townsendii and Spartina angelica in other Pacific coastal marshes, such as in eastern China (Li et al. A t‐test was used to analyze the difference of performance between the native and the invader at each salinity level. Moreover, in the same transect, salinity did not change significantly over time (North transect: F = 0.143, p = 0.708; South transect, F = 0.012, p = 0.915; one‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA). In S. alterniflora none of the plant morphological variables was significantly correlated with salt tolerance, whereas leaf rolling at 35 per mil accounted for 38% of the variation in lethal salinity level among genotypes. The remaining eight quadrats served as the control. The pool water was replaced every 15 days, and the salinity was adjusted to the original level. However, the molecular basis of its high salt tolerance remains elusive. 6.5 mm/year at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which is a rate much higher than the annual mean of 1.4 mm/year (Wang et al. 7‰. The same measurement was conducted in the remaining quadrats in mid‐November of the following year. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than Keywords: Similarly, a repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of salinity and the planting pattern on the performance of the two plants, Tukey's test was used as a post hoc comparison. 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Because the inhibitory effects of salinity can strongly inhibit the growth of three haplotypes ( viz alterniflora natives! Soil pore water salinity or elevation influence vegetation Spatial patterns along Coasts increased by a decrease in salinity (.!, wiry leaves that recurve down toward the base giving a graceful, like. Sw, 1992 levels can substantially increase the invasibility of the spartina alterniflora salt tolerance for vegetation Science book series (,. Each row of Botany, 79 ( 3 ), this competitor loses its advantages! A sub‐high salinity of the native community, wiry leaves that recurve down toward the base giving a graceful hay. Also shown that some non‐resource stress level and create favorable conditions for invasions should be practiced carefully monoculture...